Neuronal Encoding of Visual Motion in Real-Time

1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 3 The fly as a model system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4 How are motion stimuli represented by fly tangential cells? 243 4.1 Representation of the time course of visual motion . . . . . . . . . 245 4.2 Variability of motion-induced responses in a spiking neurone . . . 248 4.3 Temporal precision of encoding of visual motion information by spiking neurones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 5 What determines the timing of action potentials in fly tangential neurones? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6 Performance of spiking and graded potential neurones in the encoding of visual motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 7 Ecological constraints for neuronal representation of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272